Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental
Volume 44 , Pages 72-75 , October 1995

The role of growth factors in the development of diabetic retinopathy

  • Patrick S. Sharp

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Patrick S. Sharp, MD, Level 9, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, HAI 3U, UK.

References 

  1. Folkman J, Shing Y. Angiogenesis. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:10931–10934
  2. Michaelson IC. The mode of development of the vascular system in the retina: With some observations on its significance for certain retinal diseases. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1948;68:137–180
  3. Lundbæk K, Christensen NJ, Jensen NJ, et al.  Diabetes, diabetic angiopathy and growth hormone. Lancet. 1970;2:131–133
  4. Glaser BM, D'Amore PA, Michels RG, et al.  Demonstration of vasoproliferative activity from mammalian retina. J Cell Biol. 1980;84:298–304
  5. Orlidge A, D'Amore PA. Inhibition of capillary endothelial cell growth by pericytes and smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biol. 1987;105:1455–1462
  6. Antonelli-Orlidge A, Saunders KB, Smith SR, et al.  An activated form of TGF-β is produced by co-culture of endothelial cells and pericytes. In: ed 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:1989;p. 4544–4548
  7. Madri JA, Williams SK. Capillary endothelial cell cultures: Phenotypic modulation by matrix components. J Cell Biol. 1983;97:153–165
  8. Montesano R, Orci L, Vassalli P. In vitro rapid organisation of endothelial cells into capillary-like networks is promoted by collagen matrices. J Cell Biol. 1983;97:1648–1652
  9. Ingber DE, Folkman J. Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation during fibroblast growth factor stimulated angiogenesis in vitro: Role of the extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol. 1989;109:317–330
  10. Ingber DE. Fibronectin controls capillary endothelial cell growth by modulating cell shape. In: ed 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1991;p. 3579–3583
  11. Williamson JR, Tilton RG, Chang K, et al.  Basement membrane abnormalities in diabetes mellitus: Relationship to clinical microangiopathy. Diabetes Metab Rev. 1988;4:339–370
  12. Tolsma SS, Volpert OV, Good DJ, et al.  Peptides derived from two separate domains of the matrix protein thrombospondin-1 have anti-angiogenic activity. J Cell Biol. 1993;122:497–511
  13. Xia P, Inoguchi T, Kern TS, et al.  Characterisation of the mechanism for the chronic activation of diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway in diabetes and hypergalactosemia. Diabetes. 1994;43:1122–1129
  14. Lee T-S, Saltsman KA, Ohashi H, et al.  Activation of protein kinase C by elevation of glucose concentration: Proposal for a mechanism in the development of diabetic microvascular complications. In: ed 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:1989;p. 5141–5145
  15. Lee T-S, MacGregor LC, Fluharty SJ, et al.  Differential regulation of protein kinase C and (Na,K)-adenosine triphosphatase activities by elevated glucose levels in retinal capillary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:90–94
  16. Craven PA, DeRubertis FR. Protein kinase C is activated in glomeruli from streptozotocin diabetic rats: Possible mediation by glucose. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:1667–1675
  17. Montesano R, Orci L. Tumor promoting phorbol esters induce angiogenesis in vitro. Cell. 1985;42:469–477
  18. Berridge MJ. Growth factors, oncogenes and inositol lipids. Cancer Surv. 1986;5:413–430
  19. Anderson WP, Estival A, Tapivaara H, et al.  Altered subcellular distribution of protein kinase C: Possible role in tumor promotion and the regulation of cell growth: Relationship to changes in adenylate cyclase activity. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphorylation Res. 1985;19:287–306
  20. Haring HU. The insulin receptor: Signalling mechanism and contribution to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 1991;34:848–861
  21. Jacobs S, Sahyoun NE, Saltiel AR, et al.  Phorbol esters stimulate the phosphorylation of receptors for insulin and somatomedin. In: ed 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 80:1983;p. 6211–6213
  22. Brownlee M, Cerami A, Vlassara H. Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1315–1321
  23. Adams DH, Shaw S. Leucocyte-endothelial interactions and regulation of leucocyte migration. Lancet. 1994;343:831–836
  24. Kirstein M, Brett J, Radoff S, et al.  Advanced protein glycosylation induces transendothelial human monocyte chemotaxis and secretion of platelet derived growth factor: Role in vascular disease and aging. In: ed 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1990;p. 9010–9014
  25. Schröder A, Palinski W, Schmid-Schönbein G. Activated monocytes and granulocytes, capillary non-perfusion, and neovascularisation in diabetic retinopathy. Am J Pathol. 1991;139:81–100
  26. Klagsbrun M, D'Amore P. Regulators of angiogenesis. Annu Rev Physiol. 1991;53:217–239
  27. Glaser BM, Campochiaro PA, Davis JL, et al.  Retinal pigment epithelial cells release an inhibitor of neovascularisation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1870–1875
  28. Wong HC, Boulton M, McLeod D, et al.  Retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture produce retinal vascular mitogens. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:1439–1443
  29. Luft R, Olivecrona H. Hypophysectomy in man: Further experience in severe diabetes mellitus. Br Med J. 1955;2:753–756
  30. Joplin GF, Fraser TR, Hill DW, et al.  Pituitary ablation for diabetic retinopathy. Q J Med. 1965;34:443–465
  31. Joplin GF, Oakley NW, Hill DW, et al.  Diabetic retinopathy: Comparison of disease remission induced by various degrees of pituitary ablation by Y-90. Diabetologia. 1967;3:406–412
  32. Kohner EM, Dollery CT, Fraser TR, et al.  Effect of pituitary ablation on diabetic retinopathy studied by fluorescence angiography. Diabetes. 1970;19:703–714
  33. Panisset A, Kohner EM, Cheng H, et al.  New vessels arising from the optic disc: Response to pituitary implantation by yttrium-90. Diabetes. 1970;20:824–833
  34. Kohner EM, Hamilton AM, Joplin GF, et al.  Florid diabetic retinopathy and its response to treatment by photocoagulation or pituitary ablation. Diabetes. 1976;25:1054–1060
  35. Teuscher A, Eschen F, Konig H, et al.  Long term effects of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy on growth hormone, renal function and eye ground in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 1970;19:502–518
  36. Bradley RF, Rees SB, Fager SB. Pituitary ablation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Med Clin North Am. 1965;49:1105–1124
  37. Valone JA, McMeel JW. Severe adolescent onset proliferative diabetic retinopathy: The effect of pituitary ablation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:1349–1353
  38. Sharp PS, Fallon TJ, Brazier DJ, et al.  Long term follow-up of patients who underwent Y-90 pituitary implantation for treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia. 1987;30:199–207
  39. Johansen K, Hansen AaP. High 24 hour levels of growth hormone in juvenile diabetics. Br Med J. 1969;2:356–357
  40. Hansen AaP. Abnormal serum growth hormone response to exercise in juvenile diabetics. J Clin Invest. 1970;49:1467–1478
  41. Hyer SL, Sharp PS, Brooks RA, et al.  Serum IGF-I concentration in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic Med. 1988;5:356–360
  42. Dills DG, Moss SE, Klein R, et al.  Is insulin-like growth factor-I associated with diabetic retinopathy?. Diabetes. 1990;39:191–195
  43. Dills DG, Moss SE, Klein R, et al.  Association of elevated IGF-I levels with increased retinopathy in late onset diabetes. Diabetes. 1991;40:1725–1730
  44. Grant M, Russell B, Fitzgerald C, et al.  Insulin-like growth factors in the vitreous: Studies in control and diabetic subjects with neovascularisation. Diabetes. 1986;35:416–420
  45. Meyer-Schwickerath R, Pfeiffer A, Blum WF, et al.  Vitreous levels of insulin-like growth factors I and II and the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 2 and 3 increase in neovascular eye disease. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:2620–2625
  46. Grant MB, Mames RN, Fitzgerald C, et al.  Insulin-like growth factor I acts as an angiogenic agent in rabbit cornea and retina: Comparitive studies with basic fibroblast growth factor. Diabetologia. 1993;36:282–291
  47. Gospodarowicz D. Fibroblast growth factors: From genes to clinical applications. Cell Biol Rev. 1991;25:307–314
  48. Fredj Reygrobellet D, Baudouin C, Negre F, et al.  Acidic FGF and other growth factors in preretinal membranes from patients with diabetic retinopathy and vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmic Res. 1991;23:154–161
  49. Hanneken A, de Juan E, Lutty GA, et al.  Altered distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor in diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1005–1011
  50. Sivalingam A, Kenney J, Brown GC, et al.  Basic fibroblast growth factor levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:869–872
  51. Giardino I, Edelstein D, Brownlee M. Nonenzymatic glycosylation in vitro and in bovine endothelial cells alters basic fibroblast growth factor activity. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:110–117
  52. Ferrara N, Houck K, Jakeman L, et al.  Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev. 1992;13:18–32
  53. Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1480–1487
  54. Caenazzo A, Pietrogrande F, Potato G, et al.  Decreased platelet mitogenic activity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Haematologica (Pavia). 1991;24:241–247
  55. Guillasseau PJ, Dupuy E, Bryckaert MC, et al.  Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest. 1989;19:172–175
  56. Nakashima N, Umeda F, Yamauchi T, et al.  Platelet derived growth factor and growth-promoting activity in the serum samples and platelets in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Lab Clin Med. 1992;120:78–85
  57. Harrison AA, Dunbar PR, Neale TJ. Immunoassay of platelet derived growth factor in blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1994;37:1142–1146
  58. Noriyuki K, Watanabe S, Tezuka M, et al.  Migratory and proliferative effect of platelet derived growth factor in rabbit retinal endothelial cells: Evidence of an autocrine pathway of platelet derived growth factor. J Cell Physiol. 1994;158:1–6

PII: 0026-0495(95)90224-4

Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental
Volume 44 , Pages 72-75 , October 1995

Article Tools