Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental
Volume 61, Issue 2 , Pages 140-145 , February 2012

Metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean pediatric cohort: prevalence using International Diabetes Federation–derived criteria and associations with adiponectin and leptin

Received 10 January 2011 ,Accepted 8 June 2011.

References 

  1. Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Kavouras SA, et al. Eleven-year prevalence trends of obesity in Greek children: first evidence that prevalence of obesity is leveling off. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18:161–166
  2. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362–2374
  3. Simmons RK, Alberti KG, Gale EA, et al. The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Diabetologia. 2010;53:600–605
  4. Ford ES. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1769–1778
  5. Morrison JA, Friedman LA, Gray-McGuire C. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult cardiovascular disease 25 years later: the Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study. Pediatrics. 2007;120:340–345
  6. Girard J. Is leptin the link between obesity and insulin resistance?. Diabetes Metab. 1997;23(Suppl 3):16–24
  7. Hara K, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Adiponectin: an adipokine linking adipocytes and type 2 diabetes in humans. Curr Diab Rep. 2005;5:136–140
  8. Winer JC, Zern TL, Taksali SE, et al. Adiponectin in childhood and adolescent obesity and its association with inflammatory markers and components of the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4415–4423
  9. Cianflone K, Lu H, Smith J, et al. Adiponectin, acylation stimulating protein and complement C3 are altered in obesity in very young children. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62:567–572
  10. Papoutsakis C, Vidra NV, Hatzopoulou I, et al. The Gene-Diet Attica Investigation on childhood obesity (GENDAI): overview of the study design. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45:309–315
  11. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000;320:1240–1243
  12. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM. CDC growth charts: United States. Advance data from vital and health statistics no. 314. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics; 2000;
  13. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–419
  14. Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F, et al. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents—an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8:299–306
  15. McDowell MA, Fryar CD, Hirsch R, Ogden CL. Anthropometric reference data for children and adults: US population, 1999-2002. Advance Data No 361. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad361.pdf. 2005; accessed December 10, 2010.
  16. Cizmecioglu FM, Etiler N, Ergen A, et al. Association of adiponectin, resistin and high sensitive CRP level with the metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2009;117:622–627
  17. Al-Daghri NM. Extremely high prevalence of metabolic syndrome manifestations among Arab youth: a call for early intervention. Eur J Clin Invest. 2010;40:1063–1066
  18. Linardakis M, Bertsias G, Sarri K, et al. Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents in Crete, Greece, and association with diet quality and physical fitness. J Public Health. 2008;16:421–428
  19. Johnson WD, Kroon JJ, Greenway FL, et al. Prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2001-2006. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163:371–377
  20. Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adolescents using the definition from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:587–589
  21. Pan Y, Pratt CA. Metabolic syndrome and its association with diet and physical activity in US adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:276–286
  22. Hirschler V, Oestreicher K, Maccallini G, et al. Relationship between obesity and metabolic syndrome among Argentinean elementary school children. Clin Biochem. 2010;43:435–441
  23. Kranz S, Mahood L, Wagstaff D. Diagnostic criteria patterns of U.S. children with metabolic syndrome: NHANES 1999-2002. Nutr J. 2007;6:38
  24. Paradis G, Lambert M, O'Loughlin J, et al. Blood pressure and adiposity in children and adolescents. Circulation. 2004;110:1832–1838
  25. Deboer MD. Underdiagnosis of metabolic syndrome in non-Hispanic black adolescents: a call for ethnic-specific criteria. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2010;4:302–310
  26. Choi KM, Yannakoulia M, Park MS, et al. Serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, retinol-binding protein 4, and adiponectin concentrations in relation to the development of the metabolic syndrome in Korean boys: a 3-y prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:19–26
  27. Kim SM, Cho GJ, Yannakoulia M, et al. Lifestyle modification increases circulating adiponectin concentrations but does not change vaspin concentrations. Metabolism. 2011;60:1294–1299

 Author contributions: The authors were solely responsible for researching, writing of the manuscript, and decision to submit for publication. CP designed the study, analyzed the data, wrote the first draft, and edited subsequent versions; MY edited the manuscript; IN conducted the laboratory analyses and analyzed the data; GVD designed the study, supervised, and edited the manuscript.

PII: S0026-0495(11)00180-6

doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.06.006

Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental
Volume 61, Issue 2 , Pages 140-145 , February 2012