The association of tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 and tumor necrosis factor α with insulin resistance and the influence of adipose tissue biomarkers in humans

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a proinflammatory adipokine hypothesized to link obesity with insulin resistance. Functional studies suggest that TNFα acts through pathways involving adipokines and fatty acids to induce insulin resistance. We tested the hypothesis that the association of measures of TNFα activity with insulin resistance is independent of obesity and adipose tissue biomarkers. We analyzed data from 2131 participants (without diabetes) of the Framingham Offspring Study examination 7. The outcome of interest was insulin resistance, measured using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Tumor necrosis factor α activity was measured by plasma tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 (TNFr2) or TNFα; possible confounders included adipose tissue biomarkers (plasma adiponectin, resistin, and triglycerides). We used multivariable age- and sex-adjusted linear regression analyses to adjust for waist circumference and for biomarkers individually and simultaneously, and in biomarker-stratified (above and below median) models. We found that TNFr2 was positively associated with HOMA-IR (r = 0.21, P < .0001). In age- and sex-adjusted model, for each increase of 1 standard deviation of TNFr2 (SD = 746 pg/mL), the log (HOMA-IR) value was increased by 0.11 units (P < .0001). Adjustment for waist circumference reduced the TNFr2 β-coefficient (by about 45%), but the association between TNFr2 and HOMA-IR remained significant (P < .0001). Tumor necrosis factor α receptor 2 was still associated to HOMA-IR after adding adiponectin, resistin, and triglycerides (individually and simultaneously). We found similar associations with plasma levels of TNFα. We conclude that, in a representative community sample, measures of TNFα activity are associated with insulin resistance, even after accounting for central adiposity and other adipose tissue biomarkers.